Meta-Analysis of Studies on Factors Affecting the Occurrence of Corruption in Iranian Football

Document Type : Original Article

Authors

1 Ph.D Student of Sport Management, Islamic Azad University, Borujerd, Iran

2 Associate Professor of Sport Management, Islamic Azad University, Central Tehran Branch, Tehran, Iran

3 Assistant Professor of Sport Management, Khoy Branch, Islamic Azad University, Khoy, Iran

Abstract

Purpose: The present research was conducted with the aim of meta-analysis of factors affecting the occurrence of corruption in Iranian football.

Method: The research method was meta-analysis. 19 studies that met the criteria for entering the meta-analysis were selected as research samples through the census method in the period of 2012 to 2023 in the corruption in Iranian football. Data analysis was performed using CMA3 and SPSS software.

Results: A number of 69 factors were extracted from the research sample and categorized into five main categories of economic status, organizational and rules and regulations, cultural characteristics, individual characteristics and other factors and were included in the meta-analysis process. Hedges g index was used to calculate the effect size. Due to the existence of heterogeneity in the meta-analysis (p<0.001, Q=68, df=4238/62), the results of the random effects model were considered. The average combined effect size in the random effects model for effective factors in causing corruption in sports was equal to 0.83, which is significant at the 0.001 level and is considered a large effect size according to Cohen's classification. Finally, the meta-analysis results for subgroups showed that economic factors and organizational factors have the greatest effect on the occurrence of corruption in Iranian football with an effect size of 1.72 and 1.45.

Conclusion: this meta-analysis has provided valuable insights into the key factors driving corruption in Iranian football, with economic challenges and organizational weaknesses identified as the most significant contributors.

Keywords: corruption, Iranian football, meta-analysis

Keywords

References

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Research in Sport Management and Marketing
Volume 7, Issue 2
2026
Pages 128-144

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