https://rsmm.uma.ac.ir/ Research in Sport Management and Marketing en daily 1 Wed, 01 Oct 2025 00:00:00 +0330 Wed, 01 Oct 2025 00:00:00 +0330 https://rsmm.uma.ac.ir/article_3599.html Purpose: It can be said that the coronavirus outbreak was one of the biggest problems created in the current century for humanity, which caused problems and bankruptcy to all businesses, including sports businesses, while a series of jobs with good management managed to not only get through the pandemic, but achieved some successes.Method: The research method used in terms of applying the purpose and in terms of doing the method is qualitative, which the content analysis method is used. The statistical population consisted of instructors of sport management faculty familiar with the subject, managers related to sports businesses, as well as owners of sports clubs during the coronavirus outbreak, who were selected by purposive sampling. Data collection tools included deep and semi-structured interviews that were conducted with 17 elite members of the relevant field until theoretical saturation was reached. All stages of data coding and analysis were done with the help of MAX QDA 2018 software.Result: After analyzing the interviews, 79 effective characteristics were obtained, which ultimately led to 8 main themes including adaptability, innovation, mastery of modern science, smart advertising, mastery of technology, opportunistic look, avoidance of perfectionism, and strong personality factors.Conclusion: The results of the current research can be used as a specific model by other occupations and sports businesses in other corona pandemics or other widespread diseases so that they can resist the existing problems and choose the best solution https://rsmm.uma.ac.ir/article_4437.html The purpose of the current research was to investigate the development strategies of developing adventurus sports in Ardabil province.Method: This research, using a mixed research method (qualitative and quantitative), seeks to investigate the solutions for the development of adventurus sports in Ardabil province. The research community in the qualitative part was all professors and experts in the field of sports. 14 people from this community were selected using purposeful sampling and snowball and were interviewed in an open manner. The research population in the quantitative part was all the welcoming sports tourists in Ardabil province 1399-1400, of which 370 people were selected by available sampling and answered the questionnaire made by the researcher.The method of collecting information in the qualitative part was through studying previous researches and conducting semi-structured interviews. To check the formal and content validity, the findings of the research were presented to the participants and they study the text of the theory and then their comments were applied. The method used to check reliability was intra-subject agreement method.The average of intra-subject agreement was reported as 0.88. In the quantitative part, internal consistency coefficient, exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis were used. The data was analyzed with the help of SPSS 25 and LISREL 8.8 software. https://rsmm.uma.ac.ir/article_4370.html Purpose: Sports media play a crucial role in shaping attitudes and increasing audience interest in sporting events. This study aimed to identify the influential factors of sports media in changing attitudes and enhancing the interest of Iranian women in Formula One racing.Method: This applied research was conducted using a qualitative approach with a descriptive phenomenological methodology. The study population consisted of 23 subject-matter experts. Data collection was carried out through semi-structured interviews, and data were analyzed and categorized using MAXQDA software (version 20). To ensure validity and reliability, the criteria of credibility, transferability, dependability, and confirmability were applied.Results: Findings indicate that sports media significantly impact the change in attitudes and increase the interest of Iranian women in Formula One racing. Increased media coverage, the production of simplified educational content, and the use of social media play a key role in raising awareness and attracting female audiences. Additionally, the presence of women in key roles within the sport, such as drivers and analysts, helps reduce gender stereotypes and motivates more women to follow the races. However, the lack of targeted media coverage for women and insufficient investment in gender-appropriate content production remain major obstacles in this area.Conclusion: The study concludes that sports media particularly through enhanced coverage and simplified educational content play an effective role in changing attitudes and attracting Iranian women to Formula One racing. The inclusion of women in prominent roles and leveraging social media can also help dismantle gender stereotypes and boost women's interest in the sport. Nonetheless, the scarcity of targeted content and limited media coverage remain among the key challenges in engaging more women in Formula One. https://rsmm.uma.ac.ir/article_3755.html Purpose: Given the significance of perceived prestige in sport industry, the aim of the current research was to study the effect of team brand identity in developing the brand prestige of football clubs in Iranian premier league with the mediating role of fan-team identification.Method: The current research was a descriptive-correlational and applied study conducted in the field. The research population included the fans of the popular football clubs in Iranian premier league. 374 football fans were purposefully investigated as the research sample. The research tool was a combination of valid and reliable standard questionnaires. The reliability was confirmed using Cronbach's alpha and the validity was confirmed using content, face, and construct validity. In order to measure the validity and fitness of the model and to test the hypotheses, structural equation modeling was used via AMOS version 22. Results: The findings revealed that "brand identity" has a positive and significant effect on "fan-team identification" and "brand prestige". "fan-team identification" was also a significant predictor for "brand prestige". The results also demonstrated that "brand identity" indirectly and through "fan-team identification" is effective on the brand prestige of football clubs in Iranian premier league. Conclusion: According to the research findings, by providing attractive identity for football clubs and developing the identification of fans with their popular teams, the football clubs can be perceived as more prestigious brands by the fans. More prestigious football clubs have this opportunity to get more chance for attracting loyal fans and generating more income in marketing process. https://rsmm.uma.ac.ir/article_4481.html Purpose: The purpose of this research was to investigate the impact of ethical leadership on conflict management within Ethiopian national sports federations, addressing gaps in the literature on sports organizations.Method: This research employed a mixed-methods, particularly embedded research design, which combines the quantitative data from 296 administrators and qualitative insights from 15 administrators. In this study, four hypotheses were tested examining the roles of leader integrity, fairness, role modeling, and communication about ethics in conflict management.Results: The data from the quantitative method were analyzed with a confidence level of 95% by using SPSS version 28. Multiple linear regression analysis confirmed that all four factors (leader integrity, fairness, role modeling, and communication about ethics) significantly impact conflict management, with role modeling (β = 0.889, p < 0.05), followed by communication about ethics (β = 0.488, p < 0.05), leader integrity (β = 0.316, p < 0.05), and fairness (β = 0.273, p < 0.05). Qualitative data were analyzed with NVivo, and the findings supported the quantitative results by highlighting how ethical leadership develops trust, transparency, and association, thereby reducing conflicts arising from resource distribution and employee disagreements. This result also underlined the importance of ethical leadership in Ethiopian national sports federations.Conclusion: This study highlights the importance of ethical leadership in mitigating conflicts within these sport federations. Therefore, training in ethical leadership and communication is recommended to enhance conflict resolution and promote organizational unity. https://rsmm.uma.ac.ir/article_4242.html An ethical climate shows employees’ understanding of their organization, affects their behavior and perception, and provides the ground for decision making and behaviors. In an ethical climate with humanitarian values, choice, and sense of belonging, employees are more satisfied with and committed to the organization. Thus, the manner in which employees view their organization’s ethical climate has direct bearing on their organizational commitment. The research was conducted to examine the effect of ethical climate on affective commitment among members in non-profit sport organizations in Ardabil province. This cross-sectional study was conducted using two surveys of ethical climate Victor and Cullen (1988) and Meyer and Allen (1991) affective organizational commitment on the Likert scale to collect data. Online questionnaires were distributed and a total of 127 members from non-profit sport organizations participated in the survey. Data from the cross-sectional study was analyzed using spss 24. The results showed that in terms of employees working in non-profit sports organizations, the ethical atmosphere of the organization has a positive and significant effect on employees' emotional commitment (P = 0.001 and β = 0.491). That is, if one unit of change occurs in the moral climate variable, as much as 0.491 units in the variable of emotional commitment to the job and in a positive direction. It can be concluded that if organizations have a very ethical atmosphere, it can improve emotional commitment. https://rsmm.uma.ac.ir/article_4480.html Purpose: This research aims to identify the factors influencing the smartization of sports equipment in national football stadiums.Methods: The present study is applied in nature and conducted qualitatively using a descriptive phenomenological approach. The data analysis employed the Colaizzi method. The study population included 23 experts in related fields. Data collection was conducted through semi-structured interviews, and the MAXQDA software version 20 was used for data analysis and categorization. To ensure validity and reliability, criteria such as credibility, transferability, dependability, and confirmability were employed.Results: The results indicate that smartization of football stadiums can significantly improve fan experience, resource management, and operational efficiency. Modern technologies such as the Internet of Things (IoT), artificial intelligence, and smart management systems contribute to optimizing equipment performance and enhancing stadium security. However, continuous support and maintenance of smart systems, especially in technical areas, data security, and energy management, are crucial. Additionally, high initial costs and the need for long-term investment pose challenges that require careful planning and sufficient resources.Conclusion: The study concludes that smartization of football stadiums can enhance fan experience, improve efficiency, and reduce costs. However, sustained support and maintenance of smart systems, along with appropriate investment, are essential for optimal system performance. Successfully implementing these processes requires addressing technical challenges, ensuring data security, and managing resources effectively. https://rsmm.uma.ac.ir/article_4369.html Purpose: This research was conducted with the overall aim of formulating an entrepreneurship development model in sports and youth general offices using the ISM (Interpretive Structural Modeling) approach. Method: The research method was mixed, employing qualitative techniques such as interviews and coding based on the Glaser approach, and quantitative techniques such as interpretive structural analysis. The statistical population included sports and entrepreneurship experts in the organizational and business fields. The research samples were purposefully selected, and the interviews continued until the 23rd interview was conducted and theoretical saturation was achieved. Results: Out of the total 309 codes from the 23 interviews, after removing duplicate codes, 108 unique codes remained for the development of entrepreneurship in sports and youth organizations. To ensure the results of the coding, the open codes were sent to the samples for confirmation. The results of the data analysis showed that 9 main factors for entrepreneurship development in sports and youth organizations included entrepreneurial knowledge management, entrepreneurship education, human resource empowerment, evaluation of entrepreneurial programs, managerial factors, structural factors, organizational culture development, implementation of research and development system, and formulation of entrepreneurship strategies. Conclusion: It should be noted that neglecting the structure and management of knowledge, in addition to hindering human resource empowerment in the field of entrepreneurship, will reduce the effectiveness of strategies in this area. https://rsmm.uma.ac.ir/article_4476.html Purpose: The lack of sufficient awareness among teachers and school administrators regarding sports law, along with the absence of a systematic framework, has led to an increase in legal disputes and the creation of an unsafe environment. Therefore, this study aimed to identify the key factors influencing the institutionalization of sports law in Iranian schools.Methods: The research employed a grounded theory approach based on the systematic design of Strauss and Corbin. The statistical population consisted of experts and specialists in the fields of sports law, sports management, and education. Using purposive sampling combined with the snowball technique and based on theoretical saturation, 13 participants were selected as the final sample. Data were collected through semi structured interviews, which were recorded, transcribed, and analyzed through open, axial, and selective coding. During open coding, 107 initial concepts were extracted from the data. MAXQDA software (version 2020) was used to manage and facilitate the coding process.Results: Qualitative data analysis led to the identification of six main categories: education and empowerment, policymaking and responsibility, governance and operational efficiency, infrastructure and technology core, good governance factors, and the cultural and social synergy core.Conclusion: The findings indicate that institutionalizing sports law in schools is a dynamic and multidimensional process that requires simultaneous attention to structural, cultural, and educational dimensions. Ultimately, it can be concluded that although major challenges such as insufficient training, weak regulations, and lack of infrastructure appear common across sports contexts, operational strategies and priorities for institutionalization are highly dependent on the specific setting (e.g., schools versus professional clubs). Success therefore hinges on understanding these nuances and adopting a coordinated, multidimensional approach. https://rsmm.uma.ac.ir/article_4414.html Purpose: Given the relatively poor performance of sports startups in Iran and the importance of storytelling marketing and marketing intelligence in the performance of various businesses, this research aimed to investigate the effect of storytelling marketing and marketing intelligence on the performance of sports startups.Methods: This research is applied in terms of data collection and is a structural equation modeling (SEM) study in terms of research method. The statistical population of this study included all employees, experts, and activists in the field of sports startups. 209 employees, experts, and activists in the field of sports startups filled out the storytelling marketing questionnaire of Saadat and Kheiri (2018), the marketing intelligence questionnaire of Ventner and Rensberg (2014), and the sports startup performance questionnaire of Hersey and colleagues (2008). The Smart PLS and SPSS version 26 software were used to analyze the data.Results: The results showed that the proposed model had a good fit (GOF = 0.653). The results of the path analysis showed that storytelling marketing and marketing intelligence have a positive and significant effect on the performance of sports startups.Conclusion: Storytelling marketing plays a crucial role in shaping the performance and growth of sports startups. By leveraging compelling narratives, these startups can establish emotional connections with their audiences, ultimately driving engagement and brand loyalty. This approach allows sports startups to differentiate themselves in a crowded market, providing a unique value proposition that resonates with consumers' passions and interests in sports. https://rsmm.uma.ac.ir/article_3690.html This article examines the impact of racial, gender, and cultural diversity on sports team performance and analyzes the data available in this field using meta-analysis. Meta-analysis is a quantitative research method that allows researchers to combine and analyze the results of different studies. This method is especially used in fields where there are multiple studies in a particular field. The purpose of conducting meta-analysis is to obtain a general and valid result from different results that can lead to the identification of clearer and more efficient patterns. The data collection tools are scientific databases, quality assessment checklists, meta-analysis software. And after collecting information and analyzing data, according to the results obtained, diversity is one of the prominent topics in sports science and team management that can lead to improved efficiency and performance and can positively or negatively affect team performance. Diversity within teams can lead to increased creativity, innovation, and improved decision-making, and generally improve team performance. https://rsmm.uma.ac.ir/article_4477.html Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of organizational support on the feedback-seeking behavior of physical education experts in education departments, with the mediating role of openness to experience. Methods: This applied research was conducted using a survey method. The statistical population consisted of 1,712 physical education experts working in the education departments across the country in 2024. Using Cochran’s formula, a sample size of 314 experts was estimated, and participants were selected through cluster sampling. In total, 314 completed questionnaires were analyzed. The measurement tools included the Perceived Organizational Support Questionnaire (Eisenberger et al., 2001), the Openness to Experience Scale (Soto et al., 2008), and the Feedback-Seeking Behavior Questionnaire (Moss et al., 2003). Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics through SPSS and SmartPLS software. Results: The results indicated that organizational support had a positive and significant effect on openness to experience among physical education experts. Moreover, organizational support showed a positive and significant effect on feedback-seeking behavior. Finally, the findings confirmed the positive and significant effect of organizational support on feedback-seeking behavior of physical education experts in education departments, mediated by openness to experience. Conclusion: Based on the findings of this study, it can be concluded that organizational support for physical education experts can bring about positive outcomes, such as improving openness to experience and strengthening feedback-seeking behavior. Accordingly, it is recommended to pay attention to the professional and personal needs of physical education experts and provide adequate financial resources and facilities for them. https://rsmm.uma.ac.ir/article_4471.html Purpose: This study examines the lived experiences of faculty members University in using artificial intelligence to personalize sports programs. Given the rapid advances in AI technology in the field of sports, this research focuses on identifying the challenges, opportunities, and impacts of this technology on academic education Metods: A qualitative methodology with an interpretive approach was adopted and data were collected through in-depth semi-structured interviews with 12 faculty members. Data analysis was conducted using the collage method and MAXQDA software, which included code extraction, themes, and participant review. Ethical considerations such as informed consent and confidentiality were observed. Result: The findings revealed four main themes: including program personalization, harm prevention, immediate feedback, and complex data analysis; challenges and barriers such as high costs, cultural resistance, lack of specialized training, and data security issues; Educational impacts such as increased student motivation, a new approach to interactive learning, and a balance between technology and human relations; and foresight with scenarios such as the coexistence of technology and sports for sustainable development or sudden changes with critical challenges. Conculion: The results show that AI as a transformative tool enhances sports performance, but its success requires a multidimensional approach. This research fills a gap in the local literature. Practical suggestions include holding specialized training workshops for professors, investing in university digital infrastructure, formulating privacy policies, and creating a culture for technology acceptance. This study highlights the deep layers of human perception of AI. https://rsmm.uma.ac.ir/article_3845.html Purpose: This research aimed to investigate the relationship between service quality and place attachment in women's fitness clubs in Kerman. Since sports venues require customer retention to sustain themselves, understanding how service quality impacts place attachment can help improve customer loyalty and satisfaction.Methods: The study was a descriptive correlational research. The statistical population included all female athletes (customers) of women's fitness clubs in Kerman from April to the end of May 2024. A total of 384 participants were selected using convenience sampling based on the Morgan Table. Data were collected using Safarnia's place attachment questionnaire (2018), based on Low and Altman’s theory (1992), and the SERVQUAL model by Theodorakis et al. (2013) to assess sports service quality. Data analysis was conducted using Pearson’s correlation and multivariate regression tests in SPSS version 24.Results: The results indicated a direct and significant relationship between service quality and place attachment in women's fitness clubs. Additionally, all components of service quality, including access and security, responsiveness, reliability, and tangibility, were positively correlated with place attachment.Conclusion: Among the components of service quality, tangibility and responsiveness were the strongest predictors of place attachment. These findings highlight the importance of enhancing the physical environment and customer service responsiveness to strengthen customers' emotional and functional connection to fitness clubs. https://rsmm.uma.ac.ir/article_4419.html The sports industry is a significant global market. Generation Z and Alpha are key emerging consumers with unique digital expectations. Rapid technological advancements are reshaping consumer behavior, including in sports. This research aims to explore and conceptualize how innovative technologies and digital interactions are shaping the expectations and behavior of Generation Z and Alpha sports consumers through a qualitative, grounded theory approach. This qualitative research, based on Glaser's grounded theory, was conducted. Data were collected through 17 semi-structured interviews with sports marketing experts, sports brand managers, and researchers in this field. Data analysis was performed in three stages of open, axial, and selective coding, and ultimately 56 final codes were extracted into 8 subcategories and 2 main categories. Research credibility was ensured using triangulation strategies and in-depth engagement with participants. "Transformation in the Expectations" includes a desire for interactive and personalized experiences, social and cultural values as decision-making criteria, the impact of the digital space on the perception of sports brands, and new expectations from sports event sponsorship brands. "Changes in the Behavior" includes a preference for interactive content over direct advertising, the importance of digital identity in consumer behavior, changes in methods of interaction with sports brands, and the place of sports in the digital lifestyle. Sports brands should prioritize interactive digital content. Loyalty is higher for brands valuing social and environmental responsibility. Sports entities should strategically integrate innovative technologies and digital interactions into their strategies and emphasize their commitment to these values to effectively engage these consumers. https://rsmm.uma.ac.ir/article_3943.html Purpose: In relation to the active lifestyle and the importance of physical education and sports in Iraq, as well as its impact on the economy, there is not much comprehensive and practical research. Therefore, the aim of the current research is to compile an active lifestyle model of the Iraqi society with an economic and sports commercial approach, so that it can address various angles of increasing its share in the gross national product.Methods: for conduct this qualitative study, the strategy of database theory and the constructionist approach of Charms were used. Data were collected using in-depth semi-structured interviews. The participants in this research were 19 experts in three fields of sports sciences, economics and medical sciences.Results: From about 210 sentences implemented from the interviews, 145 primary codes, 22 focused codes and finally the factors identified from the interviews were classified into six core categories of healthy movement, institutionalization, active lifestyle, health, people and society and economy.Conclusion: The current model acknowledges that the institutionalization of an active lifestyle may contribute to an increase in GDP in two ways: first, the physical and mental health of individuals is likely to lead to increased productivity and efficiency in the workplace, perhaps leading to an increase in GDP. . Secondly, the establishment of industries and services related to health and active lifestyle will bring suitable job opportunities and increase the income of individuals and society, which will lead to economic improvement and ultimately increase the national gross product. https://rsmm.uma.ac.ir/article_4229.html Purpose : Diplomacy is the art of establishing and strengthening bilateral and multilateral relations with the aim of securing national interests. Sports as a tool of soft power in today's world play a significant role in strengthening the public diplomacy of countries. The aim of the present study was to design a model for the development of sports diplomacy in the Islamic Republic of Iran. Methods : The statistical population of this study included specialized academic staff members (sports management, international relations, and international relations reporters). Purposeful sampling was carried out using the snowball method. In this study, data collection and analysis were carried out based on a variable sequence and with multiple revisions. Results : The findings showed that; in the section of causal factors (the nature of sports, numerous spectators and audiences of sports, and sports endorsement), intervening factors, legal and legal requirements, facilities and equipment, and human resources; The most important role in determining the strategies and future success of Iran's sports diplomacy. Contextual factors (two important categories: social and cultural) have been included. Research strategies have included attention to infrastructure and attention to structure and framework, planning and management, media management, and specialization. Conclusion : Also, the consequences of the development of sports diplomacy include strengthening international relations, cultural exchange, increasing revenue generation, increasing satisfaction within the country; strengthening peace and friendship, strengthening the country's branding, tourism development, economic development. https://rsmm.uma.ac.ir/article_4420.html Background and purpose: The subject of this research was the design of the occupational stress management model in human resources of Ardabil province.Method: This applied research was implemented with a qualitative approach and the foundation's data theorizing method. The participants in this research were experts from sports organizations in the northwest of the country and experts in the field of sports psychology in Ardabil, who were selected by purposeful sampling. The data collection tool was a semi-structured interview.Findings: Based on the results of this research, causal conditions in the form of four categories, structural factors, social pressures and expectations, organizational management factors, and important life changes should be identified. Background conditions in the form of categories which includes two important categories of family background and cultural background. and based on the contextConclusion: With the help of this model, the sports managers of Ardabil province can take steps in the field of recognizing the occupational stress of the employees, and to prevent or treat it, they can also take measures to identify and define the factors that cause occupational stress, and finally, address structural and cultural reforms to deal with job stress in sports organizations in the northwest of the country.Keywords: stress, sports organizations, model design, Ardabil province, foundational data theory https://rsmm.uma.ac.ir/article_4438.html Therefore, the purpose of this research is to design a model of the Consequence of digital capital development among employees of the Ministry of Sports and Youth. The research method is qualitative in terms of the nature of the data and applied in terms of its purpose. The statistical population of the research was made up of experts and managers of departments, professors specializing in sports management in the field of technology, and staff and executive managers with expertise in the field of digital technology in the Ministry of Sports and Youth, after theoretical saturation, consisting of 18 people who were selected through purposive sampling. To determine the validity, the extracted codes of the research were provided to 3 qualitative research experts, and the reliability of the codings was also confirmed using the Kappa agreement coefficient of 0.85. Data analysis was conducted using the content analysis approach. The results showed that the design of digital capital development model among the employees of the ministry of sports and youth has individual consequences (digital literacy, online interaction, digital business, digital dependence(, organizational (digital transformation, performance creation, productivity, productivity, job engagement) and social (digital employee, reduction in digital gap, social self - efficacy, digital economy). Therefore , those who are equipped with digital capital can quickly adapt to new technologies, even if they still have not reached the required digital literacy . https://rsmm.uma.ac.ir/article_4439.html Organizations face pressures that encourage them to adopt practices and policies deemed legitimate in their institutional environments. This research aimed to present and validate a Conceptual model of pressures on sports federations in Iran using the fuzzy Delphi method. The study employed a mixed-method approach, gathering data until theoretical saturation was achieved, with 12 participants who had at least two years of experience on the board of a sports federation. A purposive and available non-random sampling method was chosen. Semi-structured interviews, lasting 15 to 75 minutes each, served as the data collection tool, and the validity was ensured through alignment methods. Thematic analysis, conducted with MAXQDA software, was used to analyze the qualitative data. For the quantitative validation, a Delphi group of 12 sports managers and academics with management experience in sports organizations evaluated a list of pressures compiled from the qualitative phase. The findings confirmed that the model adheres to all three fuzzy Delphi criteria: an alpha cut point of 0.5, a (d) threshold below 0.2, and a 75% expert consensus. Ultimately, by identifying these pressures, sports federation managers can better manage and respond effectively. https://rsmm.uma.ac.ir/article_4440.html The purpose of this study was the thematic analysis of the factors affecting sports workers in Iran. In terms of nature, this research was qualitative in terms of practical purpose and was conducted with a combined exploratory design with a thematic analysis approach based on the method of Braun and Clark (2006). The target population of the research was made up of experts (university professors, directors of sports affairs of the Ministry of Cooperatives, Labor and Social Welfare, and the sports-labor federation and titled sports workers) who used the targeted snowball technique until the saturation stage (17 people) were selected as the research sample. In order to collect qualitative data from in-depth interviews and to analyze the data, Braun and Clark (2006) 6 steps of thematic analysis were used using Maxqda10 software.The validity of the data was confirmed by using the methods of review, immersion and continuous observation, and also the reliability of the data was estimated at 89% with the bicoder index method. The findings of his research showed that after analyzing the data, finally 112 primary concepts, 23 sub-themes and 15 main themes (strategic planning, culture building, operational planning, resources) financial, media attention, economic platforms, social standing, interactions, monitoring promotion, needs assessment, innovation promotion, information systems, infrastructure development, attitude change, efficient management) were identified as effective on sportsmanship.Therefore, these results can be a basis for the decisions of managers and planners in line with the development of sports in Iran. https://rsmm.uma.ac.ir/article_4441.html Purpose: The aim of the current research is to design a model of the factors affecting the development of adventure sports tourism in the northwest of the country. Objectives: The statistical population of the research was experts related to the research topic, who were university professors, cultural heritage field, sports and youth managers, and managers of tourism service agencies in the northwest of the country. Methods: In the qualitative section, which was conducted through a Delphi interview with 16 of the participants of the research subject, and in terms of data collection, the field library method was implemented, and the measuring instrument was a researcher-made questionnaire that was cross-section ally used in the northwest of the country among the community. Statistics were distributed and descriptive survey statistics of correlation were used for data analysis to determine the importance of each variable Results: The results showed that nature tourism has the highest priority to attract the development of adventure sports tourism, and people who have doctorate degrees and academic staff are more in favor of nature tourism, and water attractions also have the highest priority due to diversity. He assigned more than he has and by using the process of factor analysis, the priority of each of them was determined. https://rsmm.uma.ac.ir/article_4442.html Purpose: Considering the competitive atmosphere in the country's sports industry, in the current research, an attempt has been made to design a model for the implementation of the Blue Ocean strategy in Iran's gymnastics clubs. Methods: In this research, a qualitative approach has been used based on the Grounded theory. The data collection tool was interviews with 10 elites who were selected based on purposeful sampling and snowball method. To form the theory, three stages of open, axial and selective coding were used. Using blue ocean strategy implementation tools such as strategy canvas, four action framework, etc., an action was taken to present the blue ocean strategy implementation model in gymnastics clubs. Results: 179 The final concept was designed in the form of the Grounded theory conceptual model. a 5-step model for implementing the blue ocean strategy in gymnastics clubs was presented, and this model was combined with the conceptual model of the data theory of the foundation and the final model was obtained. Conclusion: Causal conditions are the basis of the process of implementing the blue ocean strategy in gymnastics clubs. The background conditions are effective in providing preparations for the implementation of the strategy. Intervention conditions are important in identifying the optimal condition of the club. In order to identify the right path of moving towards the blue ocean, the strategies of creation, increase, decrease and elimination were used and finally the implementation of the strategy resulted in the results of the research. https://rsmm.uma.ac.ir/article_4443.html Governments have sought to utilize sports as a tool for social engineering to reduce crime and delinquency, enhance youth health, and achieve higher social capacity within society. The aim of this research is to study public sports policymaking in the northwest of the country through a qualitative approach based on grounded theory. The statistical population of this study included faculty members specializing in sports management (public sports), public sports experts in the municipal physical education organization, and the physical education department of the northwest provinces. Sampling was conducted purposively using the snowball technique, and the sample size was determined by theoretical saturation. In the section on causal factors (categorized into individual, managerial, and economic factors) and intervening factors (environmental factors, facilities and equipment, human resources), the most significant role in determining strategies and the future success of public sports policymaking in the northwest of the country. Additionally, contextual factors included two important social and cultural categories. The research strategies include attention to the development of participatory infrastructure, the role of governance and decision-making institutions, culturalization and motivation of society, and justice and sustainability in policymaking. Furthermore, the consequences of developing public sports policymaking in the northwest of the country include creating job opportunities in sports, improving quality of life, reducing medical and health costs, strengthening health culture and active lifestyle, reducing traffic and pollution, increasing policy coherence, promoting organizational interactions, and enhancing urban quality of life. https://rsmm.uma.ac.ir/article_4444.html Purpose : This study aims to identify key factors influencing the development of boxing sports marketing in Iraq by analyzing cultural, economic, infrastructural, media, and educational dimensions. Insights from experts and stakeholders provide practical strategies to enhance boxing’s national and international standing. Methods : This study was conducted using a qualitative method with a phenomenological approach. The research sample included professors of sports management, officials from the Iraqi Ministry of Youth and Sports, members of the Boxing Federation's executive board, CEOs of licensed clubs, as well as club supervisors, head coaches, and coaches. A total of 15 participants were selected. Results : The findings of the study revealed that, in the current situation, components such as management, environment, strategy, target market segmentation and positioning, and the marketing mix are not considered effective factors in the marketing of boxing in Iraq. However, in the desired state, these components are identified as key and influential factors in the development of boxing marketing in the country. Conclusion : This study highlights that cultural, economic, structural, and media-related challenges hinder the development of boxing marketing in Iraq. Addressing these through strategic planning, infrastructure improvement, and digital engagement can foster sustainable growth and global recognition of the sport. https://rsmm.uma.ac.ir/article_4456.html Purpose:This study aimed to identify key factors influencing the sustainable development of wrestling in Ardabil Province and provide practical solutions to address existing challenges. Wrestling, as a traditional and historical sport in Iran, holds a special position in the province. However, it faces issues such as strategic planning inconsistencies, financial shortages, talent management weaknesses, and declining youth participation. Method: The research employed a qualitative approach with a phenomenological method. The statistical population included coaches and head coaches of wrestling committees in Ardabil, selected through purposive sampling until theoretical saturation (17 participants) was achieved. Data were collected through 17 semi-structured interviews and analyzed using MAXQDA24 software. Results: Five main factors influencing wrestling development were identified: Individual factors (motivation, self-confidence, athletes' physical and mental health). Organizational factors (human and financial resource management, coordination between committees and federations, attracting private investment). Environmental factors (economic sanctions, cultural perceptions, weak media coverage). Infrastructure factors (lack of standard halls, accommodation facilities, and modern equipment). Technical factors (insufficient coach training, lack of modern technologies in practice). Conclusion: wrestling development in Ardabil requires an integrated approach. Priorities include improving infrastructure through private investments, talent identification in schools, strengthening media coverage, and overcoming economic barriers. Successful international experiences, such as the U.S. Wrestling Federation, emphasize that coordination among organizations and coach training are key elements for sustainable progress. https://rsmm.uma.ac.ir/article_4489.html Purpose:The purpose ofthis study was to formulate and prioritize development strategies for children’s swimming inIraq through acomprehensive SWOT analysis.Given the country’s young age structure,the role of swimming in health,motor development and drowning prevention,and the absence ofa dedicated strategy in this field,a comprehensive roadmap was required. Methods:The study was applied and descriptive-analytical,using a mixed-methods design.Inthe quantitative phase,196of roughly400key stakeholders in children’s swimming(federation members,ministerial experts,coaches and center managers)were selected by simple random sampling and completed a researcher-designed35-item(9items assessing strengths,10items assessing weaknesses,8items assessing opportunities,and8items assessing threats)SWOT questionnaire on afive-point Likert scale.Face and content validity were confirmed by10experts and reliability was supported with aCronbach’s alpha of0.73.Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics andthe Friedman test inSPSS,followed by internal and external factor evaluation matrices and aDelphi panel(senior officials from the Iraqi Swimming Federation(n=4),experienced children’s swimming coaches(n=5),ministerial experts from Youth and Sports and Education(n=4),and university professors insport management(n=2))to derive and rank strategies. Results:Results indicated good status in management and human resources,coaching,education and talent identification;moderate status in facilities,refereeing and cultural promotion;and weak to unacceptable status in finance,research,information technology and especially marketing. Overall,the SWOT analysis showed that,despite important strengths,substantial structural and financial weaknesses and several environmental threats persist. Conclusion:The study concludes that phased,realistic planning is needed to strengthen infrastructure,diversify funding and expand school-based aquatic literacy.It recommends development ofa National Children’s Swimming Program in collaboration with relevant ministries and empirical evaluation ofthe proposed strategies in different provinces.The study proposes10prioritized strategies, notably a national talent identification system and enhanced marketing management, operationalized into 20 programs to advance infrastructure and aquatic literacy. https://rsmm.uma.ac.ir/article_4514.html The qualitative methodology based on grounded theory was used in this study. The participants included experts in sports management majors as well as tourism experts. Theoretical sampling was performed, and 17 people were selected until theoretical saturation. The interview measurement tool was semi-structured, and interviews continued until theoretical saturation. A peer review was carried out for the validation process. Data reliability was verified by monitoring the decision path of researchers and giving all raw and analyzed data, codes, categories, study process, primary objective, and questions to the academics to be investigated precisely. Qualitative data were analyzed in open, axial, and selective coding stages. Results: Based on the results of the three-stage coding of the model of barriers to economic development of Iranian sports tourism, categories were identified in the form of 26 categories and 182 conceptual codes and were placed in the six dimensions of the paradigm model as follows: causal conditions (7 categories), pivotal phenomenon (4 categories), contextual factors (4 categories), intervening factors (5 categories), and consequences (6 categories). Conclusion: The findings inevitably insisted on appointing a trustee in this area and synergistic interactions among different units of the tourism industry and sports tourism. https://rsmm.uma.ac.ir/article_4525.html Abstract The present study aimed to investigate the factors affecting the achievement of sustainable development in sports clubs in Iraq and to examine its outcomes. Sustainable development in sports encompasses the coordinated utilization of economic, social, and environmental resources to ensure the long-term viability of sports activities. The research employed a mixed-methods exploratory design, including qualitative semi-structured interviews with experts, club managers, and sports policymakers (n=26) and a quantitative survey of managers, faculty members, and specialists (n=384). Data analysis involved thematic coding for qualitative data and Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) for quantitative evaluation. Findings revealed that sustainable development in Iraqi sports clubs is influenced by multiple interrelated dimensions, including strategic management and governance, financial and economic resource optimization, human resource development, social engagement, technology and innovation adoption, brand and reputation enhancement, infrastructure development, environmental considerations, and continuous monitoring and evaluation. The implementation of these factors leads to improved managerial performance, increased resource efficiency, enhanced stakeholder satisfaction, social cohesion, economic and employment opportunities, and environmental sustainability. The study highlights that achieving sustainable development requires a comprehensive, integrated approach addressing all key dimensions simultaneously. The results provide valuable guidance for managers, policymakers, and planners in designing effective strategies for sustainable sports development in Iraq and similar contexts, while contributing to the literature on sports management and sustainable development. https://rsmm.uma.ac.ir/article_4527.html The football development model in Iraq, as one of the important cultural and social pillars of the country, plays a significant role in promoting the physical and mental health of young people and strengthening social solidarity. Given the rich history of football in Iraq and its existing potential, developing a comprehensive model for the development of this sport can help improve infrastructure, increase youth participation, and achieve international success. In this regard, identifying challenges and opportunities, as well as examining the experiences of other countries, is of particular importance. Therefore, the present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the design of a football development model in Iraq. This study is of applied purpose, from a mixed method perspective, and is in the cross-sectional research group. The statistical population is experts and experts in the field of sports in Iraq, and the statistical sample is estimated to be 100 people based on structural equation modeling. The analysis in the qualitative section was based on a literature review to identify the main and secondary related factors, and then these factors were screened using the fuzzy Delphi technique. After identifying these factors, the model was designed in the PLS software. The final results showed that among the 7 main factors identified, the managerial, infrastructural and technical factors, and the human and educational factors had the highest impact coefficient, respectively. The study of the model fit indices also indicated the confirmation of the implemented model. https://rsmm.uma.ac.ir/article_4544.html Purpose: The aim of this research was to examine the impact of quality indicators of education on the reflective thinking of physical education teachers. Methods: This study employs a quantitative and descriptive approach utilizing Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) to present and test a comprehensive theoretical model on this subject. Data were collected from physical education teachers in Tehran province using cluster sampling (n=384). Data analysis was conducted using SEM software (Smart PLSTM3). Results: The results indicated that the SEM used provided a strong theoretical framework for investigating the influence of quality indicators of education on the reflective thinking of physical education teachers. Factors such as educational support services, teaching efficacy, and goal orientation were found to have a positive and significant impact on teachers' reflective thinking. It appears that improving programs and educational support services by managers and educational organizations is necessary to enhance teachers' reflective thinking. Conclusion: Moreover, increasing teaching efficacy and focusing on goal orientation should also be considered fundamental aspects of teachers' professional development programs. https://rsmm.uma.ac.ir/article_4551.html The purpose of this study was to design a comprehensive model for attracting financial sponsors in Iraqi handball using a grounded theory approach. The importance of developing financial support in sport, especially in a discipline such as handball that suffers from limited infrastructure and financial resources, doubles the necessity of presenting an indigenous and practical model. This research adopted a qualitative approach and was conducted through semi-structured interviews with sports managers, marketing experts, coaches, athletes, and potential sponsors. Sampling was carried out using purposive and snowball methods, and interviews continued until theoretical saturation was achieved. Data analysis was performed based on the Strauss and Corbin method through three stages: open coding, axial coding, and selective coding. The findings indicated that the central phenomenon of the study is the “need for the systematic development of attracting, managing, and retaining financial sponsors in Iraqi handball.” Causal conditions included weaknesses in marketing structures, lack of financial transparency, inefficiency of sponsorship packages, and insufficient interaction between the federation and the private sector. Contextual conditions consisted of economic limitations, lack of adequate infrastructure, weak culture of sports sponsorship, and a shortage of attractive events. Intervening conditions such as the quality of media coverage, the level of league professionalism, government support, and political and social stimuli also influenced this process.